The One Minutes Foundation
Oudekerksplein 23
1012 GX Amsterdam
The Netherlands
info@theoneminutes.org
The One Minutes Foundation is a nonprofit foundation established in 2002. It has ANBI (Public Benefit Organisation) status and follows the Dutch cultural governance code.
Bank details:
The One Minute stichting
Iban NL41INGB0009396545
Swift INGBNL2A
ING Bank N.V.
Foreign Operations
PO Box 1800
1000 BV Amsterdam
Chamber of Commerce 34173096
Vat NL811013157.B02
director and curator
Julia van Mourik
coordinator The One Minutes Jr.
Anja Masling
design
Moniker
The members of the board are
Xander Karskens, chairman
director De Ateliers
Renée Jongejan, treasurer
financial director Mauritshuis
Persijn Broersen
visual artist
Quinsy Gario
performance poet
Former board members are
Monique Aartsen, Natasja Boezem, Aernoud Bourdrez, Michel van der Breggen, Dorian van der Brempt, Sacha Bronwasser, Hendrik Folkerts, Jos Houweling, Gabriel Lester, Bart Rutte, Suzanne Oxenaar.
16 One Minutes
Curated by Tao Hui
The One Minutes Series of this summer is ‘旧写真 Old Images’ curated by Tao Hui. The series consists of 16 one-minute videos produced by international artists and filmmakers, investigating the concept of realism. "写真 (Xie Zhen)" is a Chinese word in traditional Chinese painting. It mainly refers to portraits of people. "写真 (Xie Zhen)" means "strong resemblance to the subject." 旧写真 Old Images investigates how to integrate this concept into our current visual culture.
12 One Minutes by students of Shadow Channel
Curated by Kate Cooper
The One Minutes Series of April and May is ‘Visions from Shadow Channel’. The series consists of 12 videos produced by MA students of Shadow Channel at Sandberg Instituut in a workshop led by Kate Cooper. Through the format of The One Minutes Series – the works are an investigation into each of the students practice based moving image work. A rich mix of design, music production, long-take cinema, poetic and experimental approaches– the collection of works pull from all disciplines and results are an eclectic range of propositions in how we think through the medium of moving image.
Nine One Minutes on real estate and automation
Curated by Lawrence Lek and Lua Vollaard
‘Nøtel Cinema’ is curated by Lawrence Lek and Lua Vollaard. The series consists of nine One Minutes by various artists on real estate and automation. Nøtel Cinema summons multidisciplinary artists and filmmakers from across the world to imagine video-works that speculate on three main issues around the future of urban development in The Hague (NL): the emergence of platform economies in housing, the automation of labor in the domestic sphere, and the integration of militarized architecture in civil society.
Sixteen One Minutes
Curated by Va-Bene E. Fiatsi (crazinisT artisT)
‘Prism of Freedom’ is curated by Ghanaian artists Va-Bene E. Fiatsi (crazinisT artisT). The series consists of 16 One Minutes by various international visual artists challenging the socio-political status of freedom. How can we re-interpret the world beyond the intimacy of our eyes? The series is a mixtape of 16 one-minute films on the future of freedom.
Fourteen One Minutes
By young Chinese artists
‘刹那即永恒 - One Minute is Eternal’ consists of 14 one-minute videos by young Chinese artists. Thanks to East China Normal University, Nanjing University of the Arts and China Central Academy of Fine Arts.
Fifteen One Minutes
By youngsters
Fifteen one-minute films made by youngsters from Egypt, Hong Kong, Madagascar, the Netherlands and South Korea were nominated for The One Minutes Jr. Awards 2018. Their films screened at International Documentary Filmfestival Amsterdam – IDFA. The nominees were invited to come to the Netherlands to attend the screening, to follow a master class and to attend the awards ceremony.
Thirty-seven One Minutes
Curated by Studio David Claerbout
‘Enjoy your file, download your life’ is curated by Studio David Claerbout. The title is a switch on “Download your file, Enjoy your life”. Life or file oftentimes in our present perception seems almost undistinguishable. Only a switch of two letters, and one is either on this or the other side of the real or the virtual. The lived or the preserved. The experienced or the watched.
From the vast The One Minutes Collection, Studio David Claerbout made a very subjective choice of thirty-seven videos of different lives, voices, perspectives, imaginations, fun, pain, madness and peace.
Twenty-Two One Minutes
Curated by Kubilay Mert Ural
‘Liminal Express’ is curated by Kubilay Mert Ural. The series is the result of an extensive research of The One Minutes collection and consists of twenty-two videos. With this selection the viewers are invited to reach out to their primordial thoughts with a critical touch. Frame by frame the problematic of the instinctive within the modern will be reflected, sometimes in abstract forms and sometimes with atonal interruptions along this composition of selected videos.
Twelve One Minute Compositions
Curated by Cally Spooner
‘Micro-Composition’ is curated by Cally Spooner. The series consists of 12 One Minute contributions invited by Spooner from writers, musicians, exhibition makers, architects and poets who understand well that, no matter how brief, and how urgently assembled, a composition is a composition because it is a continuous present. A distribution of patience, duration, time-sense and equilibrium; an ‘arrangement made’.
Thirteen One Minutes
Curated by Salomé Lamas
‘Our Soul Isn’t A Border’ is curated by Salomé Lamas. Aiming to create a dialogue with the physical and symbolic space of borders, Our Soul Isn’t A Border summons multidisciplinary artists and filmmakers from across the world to imagine video-works that comment, rethink or expand the notions of frozen conflicts, border conflicts, identity, limits, bounds, perimeters, extremities, no man’s land, margins, among other deliriums.
Seventeen One Minute Puppets
Curated by David Henry Nobody Jr
‘The Human Puppet’ is curated by David Henry Nobody Jr. The Human Puppet asks artists to look within and portray themselves as an existential Puppet, whose strings are pulled by a modern life immersed in a dark corporatist simulated reality. What is real and what is not? The illusions of the self and the puppets we live in are dissected personally by each creator in the show.
Eighteen One Minutes
Curated by Janna Ullrich
‘Biased Gods’ is curated by Janna Ullrich. Ullrich invited filmmakers and artists to make one-minute video forecasts concerning daily decision-making. She also selected films from the vast The One Minutes Collection. Her final selection consists of 18 films forming one story about algorithms turning us into expectators, paralyzed by one future.
Thirty-five One Minutes
Curated by Quinsy Gario
‘Public Justice’ is curated by Quinsy Gario. What is justice? What can you say about injustice? How to pursue a just world? The answers to these questions cannot be presented in a vacuum but must be done in public. Gario invited artists and filmmakers to propose works of one shot in public space commenting on justice. He also selected films from the vast The One Minutes Collection.
Twenty-four One Minutes
Curated and assembled by Ana Vaz
‘Dreaming the Dark: hands that see, eyes that touch’ is a series curated and assembled by Ana Vaz. She invited artists and filmmakers whose work trust cinema’s capacity to transform relationships between the body and the camera to propose works that will engage with both perception and embodiment. Could cinema be an art of embodiment? By what rituals and actions could vision become tactile?
Fourteen One Minutes
Curated by Goys & Birls
‘Synthetic Selves’ is curated by Amsterdam-based research and design collective Goys & Birls. The series consists of 14 One Minutes redefining the self in a digital era.
Thirty-two Radical One Minutes
Curated by Tereza Ruller
MAKE BEING RADICAL AGAIN is curated by Tereza Ruller. Ruller invited artists and designers to escape into reality in virtual worlds. To show the action of performance art, use body as a surface and undergo body experiments. The series consists out of 32 One Minutes and aims to reveal what it means to be human in these uncertain times of organized control and theatrical politics. How is it to be part of a world that is an ever-changing network?
Fourteen One Minutes
Curated by Egill Sæbjörnsson
‘Create Characters’ is curated by Icelandic artist Egill Sæbjörnsson. Sæbjörnsson invited artists to transform themselves, to become someone else, to become their true selves. His selection of 14 films features new popular character making and communication tools such as Second Life, Face Swap, Snapchat, augmented reality and Virtual Reality.
Twenty-Three One Minute Healing Tools
Curated by Shana Moulton
"Take some video and sound. And make a healing tool out of it!"
‘Healing Tool’ is curated by Shana Moulton and consists of twenty-three One Minute Healing Tools from The One Minutes collection and new videos.
Thirty One Minute films
curated by Lorna Mills
‘Ways of Something’ is a contemporary remake of an episode from John Berger’s BBC documentary, ‘Ways of Seeing’ (1972), compiled by Lorna Mills. The thirty-minute video consists of one-minute videos by thirty web-based artists who commonly work with 3D rendering, gifs, film remix, webcam performances, and websites to describe the cacophonous conditions of artmaking after the internet. It is, in effect, art about art about television about the internet.
Seventeen One Minutes zooming into spaces
Curated by Sofia Mourato
ZOOMSCAPE is curated by Sofia Mourato. The series consists of 17 One Minutes by various artists zooming into spaces. ZOOMSCAPE aims to explore the impact of the moving image when representing space. By camera reproduction the perception of architecture spaces, seen in motion, break apart, and recombine. Attentiveness to space depends upon the context of the experience. Like most things, spaces mean more when they mediate the extraordinary moments of life.
ZOOMSCAPE aims to unveil that different people can “zoom” into spaces using several modes of experience, resulting in a reframing within today’s predominantly visual culture.
Twenty One Minutes
Curated by Melanie Bonajo
Communication with the Non-Human is curated by Melanie Bonajo. The series consists of twenty One Minutes. “What does a plant know? What goes on inside the mind of funny bot? Do PMS dolphins turn into cranky bitches? All around us, complex systems of giving and receiving are performed by rather ancient and marginalized machines like corals, grass, seahorses and even rather primitive creatures, such as dogs and families. Through practical observation, the multifarious communication between humans and non-humans can be viewed as responsive behavior, defined by one designating the future behavior of all. Let’s think over this arrangement for a while. Otherwise we might, in the near future, end up belonging to that misunderstood class, at odds with its environment.”
Thirteen Daily Nightmares
Curated by Khavn
‘Nightmares Of The Sun’ is curated by Khavn and consists of thirteen One Minutes by Filipino, Belgium, British, Indonesian, Korean, Swedish, Swiss and Thai artists and filmmakers. They visualize their daily nightmares. Nightmares of the sun occur when what you fear at night happens during the day. You cannot escape from the sun, no colour, just light and dark. What are the names of the nightmares, which disturb you when you close or open your eyes? From the mythological to the psychological. From the political to the personal. We are all victims of our own fears.
Twenty-eight One Minute films
curated by Lorna Mills
‘Ways of Something’ is a contemporary remake of the second episode from John Berger’s BBC documentary, ‘Ways of Seeing’ (1972). The remake consists of one-minute videos by twenty eight web-based artists who commonly work with 3D rendering, GIFs, film remix, webcam performances, and website to describe the cacophonous conditions of artmaking after the internet.
Ten One Minutes
Initiated by Helen Dowling
Our series of April 2016 is called ‘we do the voodoo – play on continuity and rhythm from one artist to another.’ and is initiated by Helen Dowling. The series consists of ten One Minutes.
Taking the title ‘we do the voodoo’ from the idea of possession and rhythmic entrainment Helen Dowling has initiated a video program that relied upon each artist responding to the previous artist’s one-minute video and nominating the next artist to do the same. Modelled roughly on the Exquisite Corpse drawing game invented by the Surrealists, this is an experiment with the rhythm and contingency between artists and the structure of The One Minutes organisation.
Twenty-two One Minutes
Curated by Samson Kambalu
‘Nyau Cinema’, curated by Samson Kambalu and consists of twenty-two One Minutes using the rules of Nyau Cinema.
‘Nyau Cinema’ is a series of playful site-specific performances, ‘rants’, presented as film clip interventions. Nyau is a Chewa word for ‘excess’.
Eighteen One Minute responses
Collected by Cécile B. Evans
We know there are known knowns. There are things we know we know. We also know there are known unknowns. But there are also unknown unknowns. A YES SCREAMING NO.
Eighteen One Minute responses are collected by Cécile B. Evans.
Twenty-seven Minutes
Curated by Dick Verdult / Dick El Demasiado
Colón: ¿Culo o Conquista? is curated by Dick Verdult / Dick El Demasiado. By way of The One Minutes, Dick Verdult had a message sent to anthropologists, artists and his Latin American followers, inviting them to make short films in the theme of Colón: ¿Culo o Conquista? Colón is the Spanish name for Columbus; the title can be interpreted as Colon: ass or conquest?
Fifteen Meditative One Minutes
Curated by Melvin Moti
No Humans - No Animals - No Sound is curated by Melvin Moti. The series consists of fifteen meditative one-minute films by various artists and does not contain humans, animals and sound.
Sixteen One Minutes
Curated by Next Nature Network
‘Intimate Technology’ is curated by Next Nature Network. The series is a digital mixtape of 16 one-minute films in which intimate interaction with our systems is pivotal; Serbian duo TeYosh examine how the digital body creates a new nature, Swiss Mexican designer Nicole Pérez explores the intimate relationship with robots and German video artist Benedikt Wöppel takes a peek into the future uploading our memory to the ‘cloud’.
Thirty One Minute films
curated by Erkka Nissinen
‘Videos Without Ideas’ is curated by Erkka Nissinen.
"Sometimes I get ideas when I’m in contact with water". Erkka Nissinen asked artist to make One Minute films without ideas. "Making videos is easy, anyone can do it."
‘Videos Without Ideas’ consists of 30 One Minute videos collected from The One Minute collection and new less-idea videos.
Fifty-Six One Minutes
Curated by Faivovich & Goldberg
‘We do not know what it is exactly that you are doing, but does this make any sense?’ is curated by Buenos Aires based artist duo Faivovich & Goldberg. It is an immersion into The One Minutes collection. Faivovich & Goldberg reviewed 4147 videos from the first ten years (1999-2009), selecting 56 films conceived as a line-up presented exclusively in random mode.
Twenty-three One Minute films
curated by Hans Aarsman
‘How To’ deals with convenient tips. It is a compilation of short films that teach us something within One Minute. What do you do, for instance, if you have to tie your shoes and have only one hand free? Another film shows a variety of ways to separate an egg yolk: not all of them are very practical. One of the films was made by Hans Aarsman himself. He had an uncle Loek, one of those characters found in every family, who told unforgettable stories. Aarsman’s uncle taught him how to wash his hands in a jiffy when they’re covered in black grease: first rub them with olive oil, then with soap and only after that, rinse them under the faucet.
Fourteen One Minutes
Curated by Superposition
‘Promise of Suspense’ is curated by Superposition and consists of fourteen One Minutes featuring the same camera techniques. From the vast The One Minutes Collection, Superposition exclusively selected videos that feature a camera zoom. In each video, the zoom is used for different reasons. In some cases the filmmaker wishes to get closer to the object that is being filmed, in others the zoom is used so as to disguise the presence of the camera handler. In all the selected films, the zoom contributes to a feeling of suspense.
Twenty One Minutes
Curated by Janis Rafa
Making Hybrids is curated by Janis Rafa and consists of twenty One Minutes.
Thinking of the finitude that we share with animals, Janis Rafa invited artists and filmmakers to create their visual interpretation of a man-animal combined into a single body.
Twenty-four One Minute films
curated by J&K
J&K/ Janne Schäfer and Kristine Agergaard explore the theme of death and rebirth in connection to the collapse of a system and the aftermath of revolution. Specifically, J&K would like to pose the question of how death or destruction of prevailing structures can be regarded as a state of potentiality that may lead to new creation.
Thirteen One Minutes
Curated by Libia Castro & Ólafur Ólafsson
World at a Crossroads – Open Call, Wake Up Call is curated by Libia Castro & Ólafur Ólafsson. The series consists of thirteen one-minute films by various artists reflecting on our volatile present and envisioning our future, by merging performance and portrayal and appropriating texts and juxtaposing to still and moving images.
Fifteen One Minutes
curated by Jens Maier-Rothe
‘But her eyes said that gunshot knew he had a creation, and that was why parrot was wise of bulk’ is selected by Jens Maier-Rothe and is inspired by the wondrous world of spam poetry, automated emails from the chicks with dicks on how we make that extra mega buck from home, ditzy television shows and videos from the local home depot store, brainy quotes and hairy proverbs in our daily mail – in short, all the stuffy decor that clutters our brains and follows us everywhere because it’s deep and sublime, and we know it. Separating wolds from the bushy filigree was a fragmentary orange of ice. Anyone can win the heart of audiences by putting on just the right shades of rosy rails.
Fifteen One Minute films
curated by Nathaniel Mellors
‘Mega Armageddon Death - Long Version’ is curated by Nathaniel Mellors and features Pop Songs, Sound Collage, Noise Manipulation and Sonic Compositions. It consists of 15 One Minutes, collected from The One Minutes collection and new videos.
Twenty-Four One Minutes
Curated by Claire Hooper and Paul Simon Richards
‘Tell me your dream. Make it succinct and make it spectacular.’ consists of twenty-four One Minute dreams.
By way of The One Minutes, London artists Claire Hooper and Paul Simon Richards asked artists and filmmakers from all over the world to send in their dream, as they wanted to make the ultimate dream sequence.
Twenty-four One Minutes
curated by Yassine El Idrissi
‘بعد الربيع العربي After the Arab Spring’ is curated by Yassine El Idrissi.
Some say, after the Arab Spring, Arab Winter has come: wide-scale violence and instability. Was radical change worth the costs now paid for the unpredictable results? Or would it have been possible to remain stable and unfree? Stability or Change? Twenty-four One Minutes reflect on the discussion in the Arab world.
Twenty-nine One Minute films
curated by k.i. beyoncé
A selection of twenty-nine One Minute films inspired by historical drama, a film genre in which stories are based upon historical events and famous people.
Twenty One Minutes
Curated by Xue Mu
IN.NO.SENSE is curated by Xue Mu and consists of twenty one-minute films by various artists exploring the states in between nothingness and significance.
IN.NO.SENSE is a made-up homonym for the word INNOCENCE, to thwart the confinement of language and its semantic limits. When ‘something does not make sense’, the general interpretation would be there is no logic, it is unclear, or it’s useless. Could there be another interpretation?
Some films represent the artists’ observation on trivial matters with wonderment, some show the processes of contemplation in the micro/macro world, and a few works come along with poetical commentary on the current human conditions - be it subtle, upright or allegorical. With or without intentions altogether the artists conceived an aimless wander in the realm of quiddity, in chaos and order, with an un-preconditioned liveliness.
Sixteen One Minute family albums
Curated by Felix Burger
‘The Pack – Impressions from Our Family’ is curated by Felix Burger. The series consists of sixteen One Minute family albums.
Fifteen One Minutes
By youngsters
The One Minutes Jr. brings together youngsters all over the world for video workshops to have their voices heard. The short, mostly autobiographical films offer glimpses into their lives. The stories are honest and unfiltered. Some films expose a social problem, such as growing up in a conflict zone or daily life in an asylum seeker’s center. Others tell the story of a personal dream.
Thirty One Minutes
By Sandberg Students
‘The Sandberg Series 2017’ features 30 one-minute videos by students of Sandberg Instituut and is a mixtape of investigations, statements, experiments, narratives and documentaries by next generation’s visual artists, designers, composers, performers, philosophers and writers. Prepare for: ritual dances, healing feelings, healing landscapes, hypnotising digital surroundings, communication with non-human animals and a manual how to act in a museum.
Eleven Football One Minutes
Curated by Xander Karskens
Dark Football consists of 11 football One Minutes and is curated by Xander Karskens.
During the European Championships 2016, curator and football lover Xander Karskens invited artists and filmmakers, to make their own football One Minute.
Nineteen One Minutes
Curated by Pinar&Viola
ECO VS EGO – Healing Videos is curated by Pinar&Viola. The series consists of nineteen one-minute films of invitations to think differently about our influence in the world, creating a stylistic way forward for a world in need of change. Artists, amateurs, friends, lovers and video makers emancipate the concepts around wisdom and awakening, from their old-fashioned new-age associations. Our modern inter-spirituality needs new words, new images and new associations.
Thirty-six Design One Minutes
Curated by Yin Aiwen
‘Designing The One Minute’ is curated by Yin Aiwen. She started a design investigation of The One Minutes chronicle 1998-2016. The series consists of 36 One Minutes by designers and artists revealing how technology changes aesthetics, perception and reflection; an experiment where technology becomes poetry.
Twenty-Four One Minutes
Curated by Nienke Eijsink
‘One Minute Activist!’ is curated by Nienke Eijsink. By way of The One Minutes, filmmaker Nienke Eijsink had a message sent to artist and filmmakers, asking them to use their talent to give their One Minute of fame to someone who needs to be heard or something that they think the world needs to see. Films were submitted to her, from all parts of the world. A six-year-old girl showing her talent to own bread serving as a plea for India to win an Olympic medal in gymnastics and a shelf stocker stripping for higher wages to executives.
Twenty-six One Minute films
curated by Arnar Ásgeirsson
Deep Blue brings the tales of water. We have explored only 5% of the world’s oceans. The undiscovered majority of the ocean has been part of heroic stories; it is a sailors grave and a vikings funeral. What we know about the deep blue and what we use of it can be compared to how we use the Internet, just the tip of the iceberg.
Arnar Ásgeirsson selected One Minutes with an apocalyptic or post-apocalyptic feel to them, almost science fiction, referring to his surroundings in Iceland that, according to Ásgeirsson, often feels like a sci-fi film.
8 One Minutes
Curated by Bar None
The One Minutes Series Islas Inútiles is curated by Bar None and consist of eight Intimate portrayals of Dutch Caribbean identity by visual artists and filmmakers. What has remained unseen that needs to be seen?
After the Spanish "discovered" the islands of Aruba, Bonaire and Curacao, they dubbed the islands “Islas Inútiles”, Useless Islands. The Dutch Caribbean, including Saba, St. Eustatius (Statia), St. Maarten (SXM) and their diaspora are clumped together even though they differ culturally from each other. And even though officially, colonialism is over, the culturally mis- and underrepresentation of these members of the Dutch Kingdom has left the term “Islas Inútiles” as a whole still ringing true.
Thirty-six One Minutes
By Sandberg Students
In conjunction with the graduation of students of Sandberg Instituut, The Sandberg Series 2016 features 36 One Minutes by Sandberg Students. Please enjoy a panorama of live mixed frequencies, a guided meditation, an advert for a brand new luxury drone line, the trailer of TSUNAME (Transdimensional Society for Universal Narcissistic and Metaphysical Expansion)!
Thirty-Two One Minutes
By Sandberg Students
In conjunction with the graduation of students of Sandberg Instituut, this The One Minutes Series features One Minutes by 32 Sandberg Students. Please enjoy the sound of a cascade, a One Minute Selfie, a mother explaining what her son does at art school and stay away of cantaloupe of any kind!
Fifteen One Minutes Jr.
Fifteen one-minute films made by youngsters from all over the world were nominated for The One Minutes Jr. Award 2016. The One Minutes Jr. organises about fifteen filmmaking workshops a year around the world. Professional filmmakers teach the basics of filmmaking to a group of youngsters. But even of more importance is that the youngsters gain a tool to express themselves. The result of the workshop is a collection of One Minute films, which give us an exceptional and intimate look into their lives. These stories are honest and unfiltered. Some of them deal with problems in the local country or village, like the circumstances in a school for blind children in Albania. Some of them show a personal dream, like the wish to take care of the family or to become a doctor in order to help others.
Fifteen One Minutes Jr.
‘Nominees The One Minutes Jr. Awards’ consists of fifteen One Minutes made by youngsters from all over the world. Their short, mostly autobiographical films are nominated for the Tommy Award 2015, granted by The One Minutes Jr. The Awards ceremony took place Saturday 28 November at VondelCS in Amsterdam (NL) during IDFA.
Twenty One Minute films
Twenty One Minute films pepare you for Blue Monday.
Twenty-four color One Minutes
Twenty-four color One Minutes allow artists to focus on color and explore its different visual aspects. This selection shows the diversity in the way the artists relate to this theme through One Minute video. This series is produced in collaboration with Sikkens Foundation (NL).
Twenty-four One Minute animations
The One Minutes searches for the state of affairs in cutting-edge animations of One Minute; from narrative to experimental, non-narrative to documentary. Featuring animations by Fons Schiedon, Floris Kaayk and Evelien Lohbeck as well as animations selected from a masterclass at The School of Fine Art and Design|St.Joost in Breda (the Netherlands), films selected from an open call and works from The One Minutes collection.
Twenty-One One Minute films
handpicked from the archive
For The One Minutes Series 49, The One Minutes team selected One Minutes from the elaborate collection. There are so many pearls beyond price as the three young coureurs being put to a stop by a vision in 2003 by Nicolas Provost or the film from 2006 by Belgium artist Pavel Dundas, known for his humorous cinematography and short films. He throws around with country music, a chicken filet, and marinade. A recent film is by David Djindjikhachvili, showing a Kyrgyzstan encounter. An almost romantic, dreamlike scenery which volatile moves.